Polysemy

                               
            A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses. Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make. Because applying pre-existing words to new situations is a natural process of language change, looking at words' etymology is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution; as words become lost in etymology, what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so. Some apparently unrelated words share a common historical origin, however, so etymology is not an infallible test for polysemy, and dictionary writers also often defer to speakers' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology. English has many words which are polysemous.

For example:

·         the verb "to get" can mean "procure" (I'll get the drinks), "become" (she got scared), "understand" (I get it) .

·         Man

1.      The human species (i.e., man vs. animal)

2.      Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)

3.      Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

            A well-known problem in semantics is how to decide whether we are dealing with a single polysemous word or with two or more homonyms.
F.R.Palmer concluded saying that finally multiplicity of meaning is a very general characteristic of language.Polysemy is used in semantics and lexical analysis to describe the word with multiple meanings.Crystal and Dick Hebdige (1979) also defined polysemy.Lexical ambiguity depends upon homonymy and polysemy.

http://www.yourdictionary.com/polysemy

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lexical-relations-hyponymy-and-homonymy.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy

Hyperbole

Hyperbole is the use of obvious and deliberate exaggeration. Hyperbolic statements are often extravagant and not meant to be taken literally. These statements are used to create a strong impression and add emphasis. We use hyperbole frequently in everyday language, saying things like “I’m so hungry I could eat a cow,” or “We had to wait forever for the bus.” Hyperbole sometimes makes use simile or metaphor to create the effect of exaggeration, such as “He’s as strong as an ox.”.

Common Examples of Hyperbole

·         My grandmother is as old as the hills.

·         Your suitcase weighs a ton!

·         She is as heavy as an elephant!

·         I am dying of shame.

·         I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.

Collocation

Collocation is a word or phrase that is often used with another word or phrase, in a way that sounds correct to people who have spoken the language all their lives, but might not be expected from the meaning.

   There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

                        1.      Adverb + Adjective

·        Completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)

·        Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2.      Adjective + Noun

·        Excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)

·        The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

3.      Noun + Noun ( Such as collective noun)

·        A surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)

·        I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4.      Noun + Verb

·        Lions roar (NOT lions shout)

·        Snow was falling as our plane took off.

5.      Verb + Noun

·        Commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)

·        He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6.      Verb + Expression with Preposition

·        Burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)

·        We had to return home because we had run out of money.

7.      Verb + Adverb

·        Wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)

·        Mary whispered softly in John's ear.

Why should we learn collocation? The first reason is to make our language will be more natural and more easily understood. The second reason is we can have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself and the last reason is collocation is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

Synonym,Antonym,Hyponym

SYNONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase.
Examples: small-little
                 big-large
                 mother and father-parents

ANTONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning.

Te word pairs of antonym can be divided into several types:

Implicitly Gradable Pairs
Examples: big-small
                good-bad
                fast-slow
                young-old

Complementary Pairs  

Examples: male-female
                alive-dead
                present-absent
                awake-asleep

Relational Pairs
Examples: buy-sell
                push-pull
                command-serve
                give-take

HYPONYM

Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

Examples:  The lexical representation of :   

red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( colour ).

Thus we can say that: " red " is  a hyponym of " colour " and so on.

Examples:
clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its hyponyms .

conclusion

Sinonim adalah suatu kata yang memiliki arti sama tetapi mempunyai bentuk yang berbeda. 

Contoh nya :   

Abang=Kakak

Binatang=Fauna

Bohong=Dusta

Ayah=Papa

Umi=Mama

Antonim adalah suatu kata yang mempunyai arti yang berlawan atau bisa disebut lawan kata. Contoh nya :    Besar X Kecil

Kanan X Kiri

Atas X Bawah