This is area of discourse analysis, I will explain
about expert of political discourse analysis.
Norman Fairclough (born 1941) is
emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University. He is one of the
founders of critical discourse analysis (CDA) as applied to sociolinguistics.
CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. CDA studies
discourse; in CDA this includes texts, talk, video and practices. Hesmondhalgh,
D. "Discourse analysis and content analysis" (2006) In: Gillespie,
M., and Toynbee, J. (eds) Analysing Media Texts. Maidenhead: Open
University Press. pg 122Wodak, R. (2001) "What CDA is about" In:
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Michael (eds.) (2001) Methods of Critical Discourse
Analysis. London: Sage.Hutchby, Ian (2006) Media Talk, Open University
Pres.
Norman
Fairclough began work on CDA in the early 1980s (for my first use of the term,
see 'Critical and descriptive goals in discourse analysis', Journal of
Pragmatics 9 1985) with the aim of linking the academic work to his political
activities.
Norman Fairclough known for his
thoughts on the critical discourse analysis. Concept which he forms focus on three levels, first, any
text simultaneously has three functions, namely representation, relationships,
and identity. Functions relating to the representation of the ways that is done
to show the social reality into text form.
Second, the practice of discourse covers the ways in which media workers producing text. This relates to the reporters themselves as individuals; the nature of the work network with fellow journalists other media workers; media as an institution working patterns, such as how to cover the news, write news, to become news in the media.
Thirdly, the socio-cultural practices to analyze three things: the economy, politics (especially with regard to issues of power and ideology), and culture (particularly with regard to values and identity) that also affect istitusi media, and discourse. The discussion of socio-cultural practices include three levels of situational rate, related to the production and level of the institutional context of the situation, with regard to the influence of internal and external institutions. Social level, associated with a more macro situation, such as the political system, economic system, cultural system and society as a whole.
Second, the practice of discourse covers the ways in which media workers producing text. This relates to the reporters themselves as individuals; the nature of the work network with fellow journalists other media workers; media as an institution working patterns, such as how to cover the news, write news, to become news in the media.
Thirdly, the socio-cultural practices to analyze three things: the economy, politics (especially with regard to issues of power and ideology), and culture (particularly with regard to values and identity) that also affect istitusi media, and discourse. The discussion of socio-cultural practices include three levels of situational rate, related to the production and level of the institutional context of the situation, with regard to the influence of internal and external institutions. Social level, associated with a more macro situation, such as the political system, economic system, cultural system and society as a whole.
Fairclough's
line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis or TODA, to
distinguish it from philosophical enquires not involving the use of linguistic
methodology, is specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally
linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and formally
sociological practices. The main thrust of his analysis is that, if according
to Foucauldian theory practices are discursively shaped and enacted, the
intrinsic properties of discourse, which are linguistically analyzable, are to
constitute a key element of their interpretation. He is thus interested in how
social practices are discursively shaped, as well as the subsequent discursive
effects of social practices.
Language
and Power (1989; now in a revised third edition 2014) explored the imbrications
between language and social institutional practices and of "wider"
political and social structures. In the book Fairclough developed the concept
of synthetic personalisation to account for the linguistic effects providing an
appearance of direct concern and contact with the individual listener in
mass-crafted discourse phenomena, such as advertising, marketing, and political
or media discourse. This is seen as part of a larger-scale process of
technologisation of discourse, which englobes the increasingly subtle technical
developments in the field of communication that aim to bring under
scientifically regulated practice semiotic fields that were formerly considered
supraseg mental, such as patterns of intonation, the graphic layout of text on
the page or proxemic data.
His
book New Labour, New Language? looks at the rhetoric used by the Labour Party
in the United Kingdom, with a particular focus on the party's developments
towards New Labour. This is a book about the politics of New Labour that
focuses on language. Fairclough gets behind the rhetoric to uncover the real
meaning. He examines a wide range of political speeches and texts, from Tony
Blair's speech following the death of Diana to the 1997 Labour Party Manifesto
and Bill Clinton's book Between Hope and History. New Labour, New Language?
blows open the whole debate on the nature of the political discourse of New
Labour and the 'Third Way'.
Publications
Books
- Fairclough, Norman (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
- Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Fairclough, Norman (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
- Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Boston: Addison Wesley.
- Chouliaraki, Lilie and Norman Fairclough (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity - Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Fairclough, Norman (2000). New Labour, New Language? London: Routledge.
- Fairclough, Norman (2001). Language and Power (2nd edition). London: Longman.
- Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
- Fairclough, Norman (2006). Language and Globalization. London: Routledge.
- Fairclough, Norman (2007). (Ed.). Discourse and Contemporary Social Change. Bern.
Journal articles
- Fairclough, Norman (1985). Critical and Descriptive Goals in Discourse Analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 9: 739-763.
- Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Text: Linguistic Intertextual Analysis within Discourse Analysis. Discourse and Society 3(2): 193-217.
- Fairclough, Norman (1993). Critical Discourse Analysis and the Marketisation of Public Discourse: The Universities. Discourse & Society 4(2): 133-168.
- Fairclough, Norman (1996). A Reply to Henry Widdowson's 'Discourse Analysis: A Critical View'. Language & Literature 5(1): 49-56.
- Fairclough, Norman (1996). Rhetoric and Critical Discourse Analysis: A Reply to Titus Ensink and Christoph Sauer. Current Issues in Language & Society 3(3): 286-289.
- Fairclough, Norman (1999). Global Capitalism and Critical Awareness of Language. Language Awareness 8(2): 71–83. Available: .
- Fairclough, Norman (2000). Discourse, Social Theory, and Social Research: The Discourse of Welfare Reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(2): 163-195.
- Fairclough, Norman (2000). Response to Carter and Sealey. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(1): 25-29.
- Fairclough, Norman (2001). The Dialectics of Discourse. Textus 14(2): 3-10. [Online]. Available (£6.00): . [June 12, 2002].
- Fairclough, Norman (2002). Language in New Capitalism. Discourse & Society 13(2): 163-166.
- Fairclough, Norman (2003). 'Political Correctness': The Politics of Culture and Language. Discourse & Society 14(1): 17-28.
- Fairclough, Norman (2003). Review of Pennycook's Critical Applied Linguistics. Discourse & Society 14(6): 805-808.
- Fairclough, Norman, Graham, Phil, Lemke, Jay & Wodak, Ruth (2004). Introduction. Critical Discourse Studies 1(1): 1-7.
- Fairclough, Norman (2005). Peripheral Vision: Discourse Analysis in Organization Studies: The Case for Critical Realism. Organization Studies (Sage Publications Inc.) 26(6): 915-939.
